Les lézards mangent des fourmis de feu pour s’immuniser contre leurs piqûres venimeuses

Lézards

Une nouvelle étude a révélé que les lézards mangent des fourmis de feu, une espèce très venimeuse et invasive présente dans de nombreuses régions du monde, pour se protéger contre leurs piqûres.

Aux États-Unis, les fourmis de feu sont une espèce envahissante. Leurs piqûres tuent les animaux indigènes et sont dangereuses même pour les humains.

Les morsures de fourmis peuvent entraîner la paralysie ou la mort des iguanes. Ces lézards n’ont aucune protection naturelle contre ces insectes. Mais les lézards de l’est des États-Unis de type Sceloporus undulatus, ont découvert un moyen de se protéger.

Ces lézards de taille moyenne mangent des fourmis de feu rouges Solenopsis invicta mortes. En les ingérant, ils reçoivent une petite dose de leur venin et rendent ainsi leur corps immunisé contre un éventuel empoisonnement, selon un communiqué de l’Université de Pennsylvanie, aux États-Unis, un groupe de scientifiques a étudié le système immunitaire de ces reptiles.

En digérant et en traitant les fourmis et leur venin, leur système immunitaire peut être préparé à se défendre, comme s’ils avaient un vaccin contre le venin des fourmis. Cela suggère que les espèces indigènes peuvent s’adapter pour se protéger contre d’autres qui sont envahissantes, ce qui leur permet de coexister plutôt que d’être éradiquées par les insectes envahissants.

Fourmis de Feu

« Nous savons que les lézards des zones où les fourmis de feu sont également présentes ont un profil immunitaire différent de celui des lézards des autres zones », a déclaré l’auteur principal de l’étude, Tracy Langkilde, professeur de biologie à l’université. « Le système immunitaire étant très important pour la survie, nous avons voulu déterminer si ces différences dans les profils immunitaires peuvent être directement attribuées au fait que les lézards se font souvent piquer par les fourmis de feu et les mangent, ou à autre chose », a-t-elle expliqué.

Pour étudier cette question, les biologistes ont divisé les lézards en deux groupes. Pendant trois semaines, les scientifiques ont nourri les reptiles du premier groupe avec des fourmis, puis les ont soumis à des morsures de fourmis. Le deuxième groupe n’a subi que des morsures sans avoir mangé les fourmis auparavant.

Une analyse plus poussée a révélé que le groupe de lézards nourris aux fourmis de feu présentait des améliorations de trois marqueurs immunitaires par rapport aux lézards qui n’avaient reçu que des piqûres répétées : une augmentation des niveaux d’un type de globules blancs appelés basophiles ; une augmentation de l’activité complémentaire qui aide les anticorps et d’autres parties du système immunitaire à fonctionner correctement ; et une augmentation d’un type d’anticorps immunoglobuline (IgM) connu pour être réactif au venin de fourmis de feu.

« Par exemple, les anticorps spécifiques des fourmis de feu et le complément peuvent aider à empêcher le venin d’avoir un effet négatif sur l’organisme », a déclaré l’auteur principal de l’étude, Catherine Tylan.

Lézards

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